INGLES

Abstract
This paper shows the design of a/pierna inferior limb prosthesis) based on the research carried out during this first semester showing this document the state of the art of the project, a brief theoretical framework of the project and a series of Descriptions of the stipulated prosthesis design.

keywords

1. transtibial prosthesis

- Congenital malformation: Congenital malformations are anatomical alterations that occur in the intrauterine stage and may be alterations of organs, limbs or systems due to environmental factors, genetic deficiencies, deficiencies in nutrient uptake, or consumption of harmful substances.

-Falangeta: Third phalanx, the most distal and smallest of the fingers of the hand or foot. It is also called ungueal.

-Cuneiform:A set of the five long bones of the foot (called metatarsals) that are located between the Tarsus and the phalanges.

-The astragalus is the bone in the back of the foot that connects the leg and foot.

-limestone: bone that forms the heel of the foot.

-Pseudoartrosis: is a bone fracture that has no chance of healing without intervention. In a pseudoartrosis the organism perceives bone fragments as separate bones and does not attempt to fuse them.

-Amputation: Removal of part or all of a body part that is enclosed by skin. Amputation can occur at an accident site, the scene of an animal attack, or a battlefield. Amputation is also performed as a surgical procedure. When performing an amputation, surgeons generally cut above the diseased or injured area so that a portion of healthy tissue remains to cushion bone. Sometimes the location of a cut may depend in part on its suitability to be fitted with an artificial limb, or prosthesis.

-Prosthetic: Referring to a prosthesis, an artificial substitute or replacement of a part of the body such as a tooth, eye, a facial bone, the palate, a hip, a knee or another joint, the leg, an arm, etc. A prosthesis is designed for functional or cosmetic reasons or both. Typical prostheses for joints are the hip, knee, elbow, ankle, and finger joints. Prosthetic implants can be parts of the joint such as a unilateral knee.

-Exoprosthesis: An exoprosthesis refers to a prosthesis which can be put on and taken off the body.

-Stump: the distal end of a limb left after amputation; called also residual limb.

-Titanium: is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.

-Ligaments: The Ligaments are bands of elastic tissue that, in most cases, join the bones in the joints. They are key anatomical elements in the movement of the joints controlling the amplitude of the movement and stabilizing them by making the bones move with the proper alignment. Some structures of the peritoneum, the membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity, are also called ligaments although their function is quite different.

-ball joint: It is rounded, this bone that is also known as patella is located in front of the lower end of the femur and is part of the femoral quadriceps since it is linked to its terminal tendon.

-Tendons: Tendons are fibrous, strong, white and pearly tissues that end the muscles and serve to insert them into the skeleton.

The tendon fibers are made of collagen, which allows them to be very resistant. These fibers are inserted very intimately into the bone, at the junction of the muscle to the bone.

-surgical incision: Methodical division or cutting of the soft parts with a cutting instrument or scalpel. Surgical wound resulting from the incision. In surgical practice it is the first time of the operation and, sometimes, the only one, such as the debridement of an abscess.

Most of the surgical interventions are done with pre-established incisions; When this is not the case, it is convenient to follow the skin lines of Langer, so that the scar is as less apparent as possible.

-Unicondylar prosthesis: they allow to replace only the part of the knee that is damaged.

-Total surface prosthesis: used to replace a polyethylene disc with all the cartilage that covers the surface of the femur. This disc is supported on a metal plate that is fixed to the head of the tibia.

-Total rotational prosthesis: it replaces the entire joint and is the most appropriate when, in addition to the existence of osteoarthritis, the ligaments that hold the knee are not in good condition to perform correctly. The prosthesis is fixed to the femur and the tibia by means of rods that are inserted in each of the bones.

-flexible bottom lace: Once the engine is ready, it is time to make the lace. This is the part of the prosthesis where the residual limb is placed. Due to the need to obtain an intimate fit for this part of the prosthesis, many aspects must be taken into account and many decisions must be made.



-force sensor: Force sensors, or load cells, are devices that allow us to obtain an electrical signal proportional to the force applied to them. These transducers are presented in multiple formats, since the mechanical requirements of the systems in which they are integrated are also very varied.



-suspension: In order to appreciate the advantages of suspension systems, we will have to review how each one works.

When we imagine a suspension system by silicone liner, we see two different types of fastening The Lanzadera and the vacuum.

As for the first, it consists of a guide that is inserted inside a bolt where it locks and prevents the liner from leaving the rigid socket. This makes the stump have a safe suspension.



-covers: The choice of cosmetic finish will vary depending on the person and / or type of prosthesis used. However, as a general rule, durable and resistant covers should be chosen for the most active population. It is likely that the high cosmetic and fragile covers will deteriorate. In many cases, cosmetic sleeves that resemble a healthy limb are avoided. Children and adolescents usually use a mechanical-looking prosthesis without a sheath or a prosthesis with some design.



-Socket: The orthopedic socket, also known as lace, is the component of the orthopedic prosthesis where its users slide and adjust their residual limb, so that it is connected safely and comfortably to the rest of the orthopedic prosthesis. The socket is a component completely made about measurements.

In Prosthetics we know that the socket is the most important component of an orthopedic prosthesis, its correct adjustment will depend on how the user "feels" his prosthesis.


-Logical Consistency: The theory must be logically consistent, that is, the propositions that integrate it must be interrelated, that is, they cannot contain propositions about phenomena that are not related to each other, be mutually exclusive, that is, without repetition or duplication, or fall into internal contradictions or inconsistencies.

-Perspective: This part refers to the level of generality, that is, it has more perspectives as more phenomena explain and more applications support. Ferman and Levin claim that the researcher who uses an abstract theory gets more results and can explain a greater number of phenomena.

-Fruiting: Theory has the capacity to generate new questions and discoveries. The theories that originate, to a greater extent, the search for new knowledge are those that allow a science to advance.

-Parsimony: Theory has the quality of being simple, simple. There is no doubt that theories that can explain one or several phenomena in a few propositions without omitting any aspect are more useful than those that need a large number of propositions for it.

-Mechanical knees. Simple movements, a wide angle of bending and a high level of stability support children’s daily lives. Walking for the first time with a prosthesis means building confidence step by step


-pneumatic knee: The pneumatic knee joint facilitates daily activities. ... The joint also offers maximum safety in the support phase. As soon as the prosthesis carries the weight of your body and your foot is on the ground, it is almost impossible for an involuntary bending to occur.

-Polycentric knee versus single axis knee, basically a simple hinge, is usually considered "the master piece" of the basic knees, due to its relative simplicity, which makes it the most economical, durable and lightweight available option. It is therefore more often used in children’s prosthetics, especially since prosthetics become small almost as quickly as clothing because children grow up. It is also suitable for those living in remote areas or with limited access to prosthetic care.

-Knees with aboutknees05Knees with microprocessors, or computerized, are relatively new in prosthetic technology. An integrated sensor detects movement and rhythm, and adjusts the control cylinder accordingly. Real time information collected by the microprocessor determines what setting to use. The knee with microprocessor control reduces the effort that the amputees have to make to control the rhythm, which results in a more natural way of walking.

-Prosthesis of leg: From the old wooden leg that the pirates immortalized to the current articulated devices, the prosthetics of leg have evolved what is said a -barbarity. There are different systems that supplement the amputated leg.